Nakba, the Night of Bad Dreams
Last night, I read S. Yizhar’s Khirbet Khizeh. It’s a short novel about the Israelis’ roundup and expulsion of Arab villagers from a single village in 1948. Published in Israel in 1949, it’s a classic piece of modernist prose, veering within a single paragraph from the most biblical cadences and august references to the shit talk of soldiers. It’s also beautiful prose, observing the most incidental details—about animals, vegetation, dress, vomit—that never leave you once you read them.
It also gave me a night of bad dreams. Maybe it’s because I’ve just come out of my six-month immersion in the Arendt/Eichmann archive, but it’s almost impossible—even if you’re the most fastidious of scholars or committed of Zionists—not to read Khirbet Khizeh without some sense of the historical parallels. The co-translator of the novel, Nicholas de Lange, who’s a professor emeritus of Hebrew and Jewish studies at Cambridge University, says, “The Israelis are portrayed really like Nazis.” Lest that make you toss the book aside in disgust or disbelief, let me say that there’s nothing tendentious or unbelievable in the book’s descriptions; it’s quiet, carefully and closely observed prose, yielding what seems like an eminently plausible, and non-accusatory, narration of a war or founding of a state. Anywhere. A slightly more embroidered and lyrical version of Coetzee. But just as horrifying.
Throughout the novel, there are several roundups, where the soldiers and narrator speculate on the Arabs who don’t resist—and the crazy few who do, in a variety of ways (from the dignified and futile supplications of a village elder to the defiant lighting up a cigarette of a mustachioed peasant to a woman, driven insane with grief, racing back to the village she’s just been expelled from and her house that’s just been blown up, with the knowledge “that her home and her world had come to a full stop, and everything had turned dark and was collapsing”). These moments were all too reminiscent to me of the reading about Eichmann I’ve been doing these last six months. It was hard for me, reading the words of a Israeli soldier making fun of those Arabs who simply do as they’re told, who are shocked and surprised by the Israelis’ power into apathy and abjectness, it was hard for me not to think that a mere decade before, Jews were thrust into a similar situation of apathy and abjectness, uncertain what to do except obey, in the hope that something good might come of their cooperation.
In a weirdly contradictory sense, however, the book also refuses such comparisons. Not for political or ideological reasons. But because it hugs so closely the ground of its narration.
The Nakba is one of those grand words—like Shoah or Jim Crow—that by its very nature has to conceal more than it reveals. It’s a necessary shorthand for thousands of local events and decisions, a convenient argot for the multiple and varied experiences of hundreds of thousands of people. It’s one of those words or phrases we all use in order to get to our next sentence or paragraph.
Khirbet Khizeh slows us down. The whole of the novella is one day in one village. The pacing is quick, but the narrative is slow. Every bush, camel, donkey, grass, every twist and turn of an alleyway, is noticed, observed. And every victim and every soldier, it seems, is, too. The sustained attention to this single event, in one day, in one village—how casual and cruel this soldier is, how uncertain this other one is, yet how they all add up to this one awful moment of expulsion and exile, of roundup and transport, those terrible words that should make any Jew shudder—brings the Nakba into focus as no amount of polemic or history quite can.
The first sentence of the book reads, “True, it all happened a long time ago, but it has haunted me ever since.” It’s only been one night of bad dreams for me, but I have a sense of what the author means.